Mário: artista genial, primo e amigo
Quando eu era criança, e o nosso primo Mário Miranda nos vinha visitar ou passar uns dias connosco em Pangim, além do prazer de o ter connosco, lembro-me que havia sempre uma certa dose de ansiedade em casa durante a sua estadia, pois acontecia invariavelmente qualquer coisa de extraordinário que seria sem dúvida documentado em caricaturas nos seus famosos diários.
O problema era que os diários do Mário não eram privados, e eram muito populares. Andavam emprestados de casa em casa dos primos e amigos, e todos ficavam a saber o que se tinha passado de cómico e ridículo nas nossas casas. Claro que os acontecimentos se tornavam ainda mais ridículos na perspectiva humorística dum caricaturista como ele.
Eu sempre tive uma grande admiração pelo génio da arte extraordinária do Mário, que tinha duas características que eu admirava em particular – uma era o imenso sentido do ridículo que ele captava nas situações que para o resto do mundo podiam passar despercebidas. E isso não se pode ensinar nem treinar. É um dom de nascença, é o tal génio. E a outra característica era a santíssima paciência com que ele desenhava algumas das caricaturas extremamente complexas e detalhadas. Esses trabalhos deram-me sempre azo a muitas oportunidades de rir às gargalhadas cada vez que descobria mais cantos e recantos cómicos quando revia as caricaturas.
Mais tarde quando ele começou a captar os cenários e paisagens que o atraíram em vários países para onde foi oficialmente convidado para interagir com caricaturistas célebres, ele foi desenvolvendo um novo estilo e uma meticulosa técnica de desenhar, para a qual era preciso ter não só visão e precisão, mas também muita paciência – o resultado foi uma grande e esplêndida colecção de ilustrações lindíssimas, que enriqueceram enormemente o património artístico do Mário.
O interessante é que a arte do Mário foi totalmente autodidáctica. Embora se tenha matriculado na famosa Sir J. J. School of Art em Bombaim, ele só foi um dia para as aulas, disse-me ele, e não gostou. E esse foi o começo e o fim do treino de arte que ele teve. Por sinal, eu também frequentei a mesma escola muitos anos depois do Mário. Mas no fim do primeiro ano disseram-me que não havia esperanças de eu algum dia ser artista. O Mário disse-me que isso era bom sinal, pois ele durou só um dia nessa escola, e o amigo dele, o famoso pintor goês Francis Newton de Souza, de reputação internacional, também só passou brevemente por essa escola. Portanto, concluiu que eu estava em muito boa companhia. E, pelos vistos, estava.
O Mário começou a produzir os seus diários ilustrados aos 9 anos, encorajado pela Mãe, a nossa Prima Zulema, e acabou por produzir uma obra que, em qualidade e quantidade, é hoje uma das maiores e mais memoráveis heranças artísticas de Goa, um património excepcional que, além do mais, retratou uma época da vida em Goa, com humor, e que hoje nos deixa saudosos.
Eu cresci a ver e a apreciar as caricaturas do Mário, a ponto de, sem eu dar por isso, ficar muito influenciada pelo seu estilo. Foi praticamente uma “osmose”. Ele sempre me encorajou a desenhar e a pintar, e o facto é que até hoje dá-me imenso prazer poder comentar e criticar através de caricaturas.
Depois de casado, o Mário além do trabalho no Times of India, trabalhava muitas tardes em casa, num cantinho do seu apartamento em Bombaim, pois estava inundado de trabalho. Eu sentava-me em frente da mesa dele, num banco, com uma caneca de chá na mão e conversávamos durante horas.
Enquanto trabalhava nas caricaturas, ele não tinha outro remédio senão ouvir a minha conversa, que no fundo o divertia. Ao mesmo tempo, eu ia observando o desenvolvimento dum simples e rápido esboço dele no papel a transformar-se nas fabulosas caricaturas que na altura tanto fizeram rir a Nação Indiana.
Tive sempre muito orgulho nos nossos laços de família, mas foi um privilégio para mim termos sido também muito amigos quando eu me tornei adulta e fui estudar em Bombaim. Participámos em muitas farras durante as quais as observações do Mário nas nossas conversas me faziam rir. Nas festas improvisadas, lá no seu apartamento, quando ele não estava a acompanhar a musicata que fazíamos com os seus bongos cubanos, nós divertíamo-nos a dançar e nunca perdíamos a oportunidade de fazer os nossos passos de dança cómicos da praxe.
Mas tenho mais saudades dos raros e preciosos momentos de calma que passámos sentados à tardinha, na varanda da casa de Loutulim, durante as minhas últimas visitas a Goa. Ficávamos relembrando histórias dos nossos antepassados, muitas delas que tinham sido contadas pelo meu Pai (António MIranda), e com muita piada, lembrava-se o Mário, e que se haviam passado mesmo nessa casa de Loutulim onde estávamos. Esses foram momentos que estreitaram ainda mais os laços de família, amizade e afeição. Quando o Mário nos deixou criou um vazio que nunca se preencherá, pois foi o fim duma era.
Carmita *
* Carmen Miranda nasceu em Goa e ora vive em Londres. Estudou no Liceu Nacional Afonso de Albuquerque, de Pangim, e cursou BA em Design da Informação pela Universidade de Kent, RU, e MA em Relações Internacionais e Desenvolvimento pela City University, Londres. Conhecida como Carmita, também é cartunista, influenciada pela obra de Mário.
From Earth to Eternity
This Sunday’s readings[1], short but powerful, provide an apt runup to Lent that is three days away. While the first and third readings help us reflect on the nature of earthly life, the second puts the spotlight on our eternal destiny.
The Book of Sirach (also called Ecclesiasticus, as it was frequently read in churches) captures some eternal truths. Written two centuries before Christ, by Jewish scribe Ben Sirach, it points to God as the fount of all knowledge. This is pertinent, particularly as we reel under foolish diktats that can trigger a world war. Can there be any doubt that ‘violence covers the mouth of the wicked’? (cf. Prov. 10:11) So, we must beware of those who craftily try and win friends and influence people; since sweet talk masks some people’s intentions, we must wait until they are unmasked by their actions. To know who and when and why, only in God we trust; He alone can discern the workings of the human heart.
For our part, could we examine the nature of our thoughts, words and deeds? If we cannot control our thoughts, let us at least keep guard on our tongues, and our actions will take care of themselves. And what of our relationships? Do we listen more than we speak, or do we pretend to teach what we ourselves need to learn! Our Lord has said, ‘No disciple is superior to the teacher; but when fully trained, every disciple will be like his teacher.’ When we pattern ourselves after the Master, rather than after a local celebrity or star, we grow in self-knowledge and will readily thank God night and day. The Psalm says, ‘It is good to give thanks to the Lord, to sing praise to your name, O Most High; to proclaim your kindness at dawn and your faithfulness throughout the night.’
After all, whether we live or die, we belong to the Lord. It behoves us to proceed with humility, gentleness, and patience, and to accept each other with love. And whether trained or not, we are not to look down upon the other, or to try and remove a speck from another’s eye when our own is laden with a bar! We have to particularly mind our tongues; they are mightier than our hands when it comes to breaking a heart. ‘The good man out of the good treasure of his heart produces good, and the evil man out of his evil treasure produces evil; for out of the abundance of the heart his mouth speaks.’ So, let our thoughts, words and actions tell of our relationship with the Lord.
When we as followers of Christ avoid all wrongdoing, we don’t turn passive! On the contrary, we get to focus on our mighty vocation: to build God’s kingdom. Through baptism, we are called to be – like Jesus – priest, prophet and king: to bring others to God and God to others; to give voice to the voiceless, and to use our time and talent for the common good. That is a threefold call to holiness. Needless to say, after having fought the good fight, finished our course, and kept the faith, there will be laid up for us a crown of justice. (cf. Tim 4:8)
Which is why St Paul is not intimated by death: perishable beings turn imperishable, and mortals put on immortality, says he. His treatment of the theme is so engaging that many a play and novel, song and film have celebrated the verse ‘Death is swallowed up in victory / O Death, where is thy victory? / O Death, where is thy sting?’ Particularly striking is John Donne’s sonnet which, while personifying death, humorously yet profoundly argues against its power. And while the sixteenth-century English clergyman and metaphysical poet ends his devotional lyric with a strong prediction: ‘Death, thou shalt die!’; the Apostle of the Gentiles ends his letter with a warm assurance: ‘Be steadfast, immovable, always abounding in the work of the Lord, knowing that in the Lord your labour is not in vain.’ Interestingly, thoughts about that treasure which lies in Heaven can give our life on earth an exciting new direction.
[1] Sir 27:5-8; Ps 91:2-3,13-14,15; 1Cor 15:54-58; Lk 6:39-43
Mário: sem malícia e sem sarcasmo
Mário Miranda (a quem adiante tratarei por tio Mário) era irmão de meu pai Pedro Miranda e de Fátima Miranda Figueiredo, minha tia. Três Irmãos, todos eles especiais.
Vivendo eu na Parede, Portugal, e eles (os meus tios e avó), em Goa, só os conheci por volta dos sete ou oito anos. A distância era grande e, na altura, as viagens não eram tão populares como agora.
O tio Mário viera para Lisboa como bolseiro da Fundação Gulbenkian. O primeiro encontro ao vivo com o tio Mário foi para mim inesquecível. Quando o vi ali sentado na sala ao lado do meu pai, fiquei desde logo encantada. Parecia que já o conhecia, tantas foram as histórias contadas pelo meu pai, os cartoons e as fotografias que ele nos mostrava. Mas o que mais me impressionou foi o seu olhar sorridente e penetrante, que parecia ver mais além.
Era naturalmente com este olhar que o tio Mário olhava o mundo. Sem malícia e sem sarcasmo conseguia que as pessoas se rissem de si próprias e do que as rodeia. Como o ouvi afirmar numa entrevista: “I don’t laugh at people, I laugh with people”.
Nesse primeiro encontro o tio Mário foi parco em palavras. Mas rapidamente fez uma caricatura de mim e da minha irmã, cada uma a servir uma chávena de chá fumegante que tínhamos acabado de lhes trazer. Destacando os nossos traços menos favoráveis, o desenho era hilariante.
O tio Mário partiu então para o seu périplo europeu mas continuei a acompanhar os seus trabalhos à distância.
Quando a coleção de cartoons Laugh It Off foi publicado, este tornou-se um dos meus livros favoritos. Não só me fazia rir, com os diferentes tipos e personagens que criava como me dava a conhecer realidades diferentes e distantes. O tio Mário era de facto exímio na apresentação pormenorizada e meticulosa de quadros sociais de um país tão diverso como a Índia.
Ainda hoje essa primeira edição do livro, muito usado e bastante danificado, faz as delícias dos meus netos. 
Foi por isso que, por sugestão da minha neta Maria Rita, a altura com 5 anos, e a pedido da sua professora Ana que, em 2019, fiz uma apresentação de desenhos do tio Mário na sala dos 5 aos do Patronato de Santo António de Beja. Foi um sucesso.
As crianças ficaram entusiasmadas e fizeram trabalhos sobre o autor a quem já chamavam tio Mário.
Contei-lhes que o tio Mário era de poucas falas, que comunicava antes através dos seus desenhos e que desde pequeno fazia desenhos nas paredes até que a sua mãe lhe comprou um caderno a que chamou de “Diário”. Nunca mais se esqueceram do tio Mário.
Estes foram os desenhos que eles mais gostaram!
Mas o longo percurso artístico do tio Mário não se limitou aos cartoons e desenhos. Procurou formas artísticas mais profundas de representação do que via à sua volta. Veja-se, por exemplo, as ilustrações de cidades e ambientes que conheceu, como em Winter in Germany, as imagens de Nova Iorque, Paris, Japão ou Lisboa. Conseguia sobretudo captar a essência, a alma dos sítios por onde passava.
Durante uma curta estadia em Baleizão, no Alentejo onde moro, deu um passeio a pé, à noite e, mais tarde, pintou o quadro que ele me ofereceu e apresento ao lado. Quem conhece Baleizão percebe que ele não só viu como sentiu Baleizão e captou a sua alma.
Muito ficou por dizer sobre o homem e sobre o artista genial e cativante que era Mário Miranda de quem tenho as melhores memórias e uma enorme saudade.
Maria Luisa Miranda de Castro e Brito *
* Professora, Licenciada em Filologia Germânica e Pós-graduada em Estudos Culturais e Estudos Americanos
The Challenge of Loving
Today’s readings (Sam 26:2.7-9, 12-13, 22-23; Ps 102, 1-2, 3-4, 8, 10, 12-13; 1 Cor 15:45-49; Lk 6:27-38) present a great challenge to our life of faith: to live as Jesus lived. David’s posture prefigures Jesus’ teaching about mercy and forgiveness, love and compassion. It is an invitation to follow a whole new way of life, even if the world dubs it an impossible dream, or just plain folly.
David was an outstanding general in the army of Saul, the first king of Israel. Envious of his popularity, and seeing him as a threat to his kingdom and dynasty, Saul plotted against David but fell into his hands instead. David and his military leader Abishai literally walked into Saul’s encampment in the dead of night and returned with Saul’s spear and jar of water; they could well have killed him, but David chose not to put forth his hand against the Lord’s anointed. David was indeed a man after God’s own heart.
David’s magnanimous gesture stands as a model of neighbourly love. Jesus, a descendant of the same royal house, twenty-eight generations later, weaves a whole new philosophy about love when he says: ‘Love your enemies, do good to those who hate you, bless those who curse you, pray for those who abuse you.’ No doubt, it sounds crazy to offer the other cheek; to let others take away our goods with impunity, and to be fools for Christ. But as we learn from David, love of God and neighbour is the only perfect formula.
It goes without saying that the Fall has made it difficult for man to put God and others before self. Our slavery to sin is what Jesus wants us to root out; He has shown the way, by dying for our sins. And we, who are unlikely to die on the cross, could we at least carry it with a spirit of loving sacrifice? It is not easy, especially if we depend on our own strength; but with God’s help, it is not impossible.
But how do we do it? By dying to ourselves in the ups and downs of daily life; by showing mercy and love to others; by making a positive sacrifice for the love of God. In other words, He must increase; we must decrease. Or, to paraphrase Padre Zezinho, the Brazilian songwriter and communicator, we have to love as Jesus loved, dream as Jesus dreamt, think as Jesus did, live as Jesus lived; we must feel what Jesus felt, smile as Jesus smiled, and surely at the end of day we will sleep to our heart’s content.
‘The Lord is compassion and love, slow to anger and rich in mercy.’ We are called to be and do the same. According to St Paul, ‘just as we have borne the image of the man of dust, we shall also bear the image of the man of heaven.’ That’s a promise. It is not for us to fret about achieving perfection; it behoves us to only keep trying. Our Father in Heaven, who is rich in mercy and love, knows the vicissitudes of our earthly and spiritual journey. He wants us to make a difference, by loving not only those who love us but to show mercy and love as God does, fully and unconditionally.
If that still comes across as an illusion, or a dream not worth chasing, it is because modern man is so self-absorbed that he thinks of realising himself through self-love, self-interest, self-promotion; it’s a lot about ‘I, me and myself’. What a far cry from the life that God urges us to follow: a life spent in the service of others; a life of prudence, justice, temperance, fortitude, mercy, compassion, faith, hope, and love. This is the real stuff of life, the real challenge; everything else is illusion.
When our God is the Lord!
How many of us sincerely believe that God’s law is a boon? Sometimes, we complain about it, shun it, or even have the temerity to think it a bane. We seem to put our trust and find meaning only in laws that we have devised, when actually they are far from fool-proof.
In contrast, God’s law is a blueprint for happiness; it was always meant to be so. That the Chosen People failed to see it that way and dishonoured their covenants is a different matter. God in His love sent prophets to salvage the situation. One of them was Jeremiah (700 B.C.), who minced no words when he said, ‘Cursed is the one who trusts in human beings, who seeks his strength in flesh, whose heart turns away from the Lord.’ But then, they turned down prophet after prophet, and threw a spanner in God’s plan of salvation.
Felix culpa! It paved the way for the New Covenant. Jesus came into the world as the new Adam, to form a new humanity. He infused new life into the law. He liberated it from false interpretations; he disapproved of sticking to the letter to the detriment of the spirit of the law; he condemned practices that were merely external and ritualistic. What is more, Jesus pointed to what should be at the heart of the law: love of God and love of neighbour. Finally, by his own death and resurrection, He created a covenant of love.
In the course of His earthly ministry, Jesus touched upon the topic of happiness – an ideal very close to the human heart. He wished to show how God’s law can be an instrument of human happiness. St Luke collected Jesus’ thoughts on the subject, titling it ‘Sermon on the Plain’ (corresponding to what St Matthew does, in a more detailed manner, in the ‘Sermon on the Mount’). In a few pithy statements, Jesus points to sets of people that are usually thought to be ‘unhappy’, and he pronounces them happy or blessed.
Jesus’ pronouncements appear contradictory and bewildering: how can the poor, the hungry, the suffering and the reviled ever be idealised? Which of us would like to be in their shoes? It simply goes against the grain, doesn’t it? But the key to the riddle lies in recognising that God does not think as we do; or rather, human ways have long moved away from God’s ways. In the heat of life’s battles, we see distorted images of reality; God in his wisdom sees it right. That’s good enough reason to let ourselves be guided by Him who is the Author of Life, to surrender to Him who is the Master Physician and can fix all problems. If in all humility we do God’s will, the rest will be given unto us: the joy of life and the promise of eternal salvation.
Jesus assures the poor, the hungry, the suffering and the reviled that their troubles will not go in vain. After all, don’t they trust the Lord better than do the rich, the satiated, the merrymakers and the sought-after? Jesus’ “poor” are those who do not covet earthly riches but set their eyes on the treasure that awaits them in Heaven; the “hungry” that He talks about are those who crave for the Bread and Water of Life; they “weep” who are deeply sorry for their sins; and they are “reviled” who side with the truth rather than playing to the gallery.
Jesus follows up the four beatitudes with four maledictions, as though to reinforce what He had couched in milder language. And when the rich, the satiated, the merrymakers and the sought-after understand that they have had their day is when it dawns on us that none can have it both ways. And who knows, maybe the rich, the satiated, the merrymakers and the sought-after were not even at peace with themselves; they only pretended to feel blessed.
Therefore, only they can be truly blessed whose God is the Lord.
(Banner: Church of the Beatitudes, Israel)
Carta ao Primo Mário
Mário Miranda, meu primo e grande amigo, o que é que eu posso dizer a teu respeito que as pessoas ainda não saibam? Quando nos deixaste, já eras quase mundialmente conhecido, assim como os teus trabalhos de caricaturista e os outros mais sérios. Mas é essa tua faceta de caricaturista que eu quero recordar aqui nestas poucas linhas.
Eras um artista nato e, até um certo ponto, um autodidata. Tinhas o condão de nos fazer rir e soltar umas boas gargalhadas, mesmo sem escrever ou pronunciar uma única palavra! Bastava-nos olhar para as tuas caricaturas para desatarmos a rir e de cada vez que olhávamos para elas, encontrávamos sempre novos motivos de riso.
Sempre foste de poucas palavras, mas, em compensação, tinhas um poder de observação fotográfico que, mais tarde, transferias para os teus diários. Eu ficava admirada com este teu dom e perguntava-me como é que o Mário consegue reter na sua memória tanta coisa e com tantos detalhes que ele mostra nos seus desenhos? Só um génio ou uma pessoa privilegiada o consegue e tu eras um privilegiado nesse aspecto e eu sempre te admirei muito por isso.
As tuas caricaturas são de um realismo tal, que as pessoas por ti caricaturadas parecem seres vivos em miniatura, prontos a saltar do papel para o nosso colo! E a semelhança é de tal ordem, que podem ser facilmente reconhecidas e identificadas, mesmo tratando-se de desconhecidos…
A propósito vou contar um pequeno episódio passado comigo. Havia um senhor cujo nome não me ocorre agora, mas que podemos chamar o senhor ABC e que tu representavas nas tuas caricaturas com uma certa frequência. Um belo dia em que eu estava em Damão fui visitar a senhora Dona Bolina, a tua avó materna e, qual não foi o meu espanto, quando eu ia a entrar e vi sair de lá esse tal senhor, que para mim era um ilustre desconhecido! Não resisti à curiosidade e perguntei-lhe se ele era, por acaso, o senhor ABC. E ele respondeu-me: “Sou!” e, acto contínuo, com um ar muito espantado, perguntou-me de onde é que eu o conhecia ao que lhe respondi que era do Diário do Mário!
Lina*
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* Maria Carolina Miranda Bordadágua n
asceu em Pangim, Goa, em 1925, e ora vive em Lisboa. Fez o curso no Liceu Afonso de Albuquerque em Goa e o BA em Bombaim. Foi Professora de Português, Inglês e Francês no Liceu Nacional Afonso de Albuquerque. É viúva do Coronel do Exército António da Graça Bordadágua e mãe de Luís Filipe Miranda Bordadágua e de Maria Margarida Miranda Bordadágua.
Reconhecimento: Artigo publicado na Revista da Casa de Goa, Série II, No. 12, Set-Out 2021.
A Road Well Taken
Selecting the right path, both literally and figuratively, is the central theme of American poet Robert Frost’s ‘The Road Not Taken’. The poem was prompted by the continual state of indecision faced by an English writer-friend of his. When the two went for walks, his friend always found it difficult to choose a route, and even after all that fuss was over, he sighed over the opportunities missed on the other route.
The poem popped into my mind as I was going through the Mass readings. We have Isaiah (6:1-2A, 3-8), Paul (1 Cor 15:1-11) and Peter (Lk 5:1-11), three Biblical heavyweights. Like Jeremiah last Sunday, they too faltered at first, then made a leap of faith. They received their calls quite differently but, animated by the love of God, they had the same goal in mind. And unlike the man in the poem, they never regretted the road they had taken. In fact, they were convinced, they persevered under trials, and received the crown of life.
Isaiah receives his prophetic call at the feast of Atonement. In the temple, he had visions of the heavenly court. He did not get to see God face to face; he only glimpsed the train of his garment and heard the quake and the smoke – signs of God’s presence. As he heard the angels sing the Sanctus (the same that we now hear at Mass) he began to feel anxious about his sinful state vis-à-vis God’s presence. He anticipated death but instead was healed by the touch of a burning coal. Fired thus with God’s spirit, he gave his fiat: ‘Here I am! Send me!’
Isaiah was ready to go as God’s messenger, and so was Saul after he became Paul. Initially a persecutor of the Christians, Paul’s dramatic encounter with Jesus on the high road to Damascus changed it all. He offered himself without reservation to God’s service. He undertook four missionary journeys and came to be called ‘Apostle of the Gentiles’. And as there were misgivings about Jesus’ death and resurrection, Paul proclaimed it as an undeniable fact and, for him, a life-changing experience. About the Resurrection, which is at the heart of the Christian message, Paul said emphatically that, without it, ‘our faith is futile’.
Whereas Isaiah was timid, and Paul who was conceited became humble after his personal experience of God, Simon Peter for his part was a rustic character. Jesus, however, did not look at his intellect but at his heart. A fisherman and unlettered though he was, Jesus made of him a fisher of men. Peter eventually became greater than all men of letters put together, schooled as he was in the knowledge and the love of God. He was in awe of Jesus, and on hearing His soothing words – ‘Do not be afraid. You will catch people from now on’ – Peter and his fellow fishermen James and John left everything and followed Him.
You and I, who are called to live out our baptismal vocation of priest, prophet and king, where do we stand? Do we believe that we should leave everything and follow Him? Or, do we, like the poet, see two paths, unsure which to choose?
Really speaking, Christians have only one path before them: to be messengers of God’s salvation and grace by the apostolate of presence. We are called to be the light of the world and the salt of the earth, such that the temporal is soaked in the Christian spirit. Indeed, we must not let ourselves be blinded by the city lights; we must not be lured by ideologies that lead us astray from the path of truth and justice; we must rather be committed to the only life-giver, Jesus Christ. He is the Way, the Truth and the Life. He shows us the road to Eternal Life. This cannot but be a road well taken.
"My dream is to see Goa’s Civil Code extended to the Indian Union," says M. S. Usgaonkar
ON: What does the ‘dream’ that you talk of in the Preface to your book mean to you and to our territory?
MU: Well, before I talk about my ‘dream’ I would like to clarify that when Seabra’s Civil Code [1867] was published, it did not have the chapters that I am going to stress on, as these were fruits of the Republic in 1910. Thus, the Portuguese Civil Code was a product of the Constitutional Monarchy; the law of Marriage, the law of Divorce and the law for the protection of children were specialties produced by the Republic. The Portuguese Civil Code did not have the concept of divorce; it simply dealt with the absolute separation of property.
ON: According to you, why didn’t Seabra introduce Divorce and, instead, dealt only with Separation? Was it through the influence of the Catholic Church?
MU: I don’t think so… The concept did not exist at the time. Divorce evolved much later.
ON: So, in 1910 all communities had access to the law of divorce...
MU: Yes; but the Church prohibited it, because one of the Articles states: those marrying through the Church are not entitled to divorce. This provision was later stuck down by our Courts because one could not discriminate between two communities.
ON: Well, the Civil Code would not discriminate between communities, yet it appears that the usages and customs only of certain communities were safeguarded in the Code....
MU: This was not about the usages and customs; this was a part of the law. Divorce (earlier it was Separation) was made part of the special legislation that came into force in 1910, after the Republic.
ON: Could you throw light on the usages and customs that were safeguarded?
MU: They were excluded in 1880, that is, before the Republic.
ON: Some examples of what was safeguarded…
MU: For example, one could marry at a predetermined age, which was reduced. Later, this law was extended to the Catholics also, because they pointed out that there was a tradition or custom to marry at an early age and that was permitted by the State.
ON: What was the age?
MU: The girl could marry at the age of fourteen.
ON: And the boy?
MU: At the age of sixteen.
ON: Is it true that members of the Hindu community were permitted to have more than one wife?
MU: There was a restriction. It required the consent of the earlier wife; and she had to be childless. Only then the second marriage was permitted; but this was struck down by the Portuguese law in the year 1952, on the grounds that polygamy had long been abolished.
TRANSLATING THE CODE
ON: Let’s talk a little about your translation: how long did it take you?
MU: Not long… just twenty years.
ON: Twenty years!
MU: Well, the total number of Articles of the Civil Code is 2538. There is also the Civil Procedure Code and miscellaneous legislation regarding the usages, customs and others which total up to more than 4000 Articles.
ON: So, yours is a translation of the whole of the Portuguese Civil Code…
MU: Not only of the Code but also of other laws that were published later…
ON: … which are connected to the Civil Code and to the Civil Procedure Code…
MU: Yes, the Civil Procedure Code, too, which has 1580 Articles. The reason for translating both the Codes is that the Civil Code alone is not sufficient; the Civil Code provides only the substantive aspect of law, but the enforcement or implementation is done through the Civil Procedure Code. Courts and others must follow the Civil Procedure Code, so the Codes are complementary.
The Code of Civil Procedure was repealed in the year 1939; the whole of it was the work of Prof. Alberto Reis and it was in force at the time of Liberation… At a conference at Simla, organized by advocates from the Indian Union, I had the opportunity to highlight the advantages of the Portuguese Civil Code and how it serves to decide cases much faster.
ON: But in Goa today only a part of the Portuguese Civil Code is in use, isn’t it?
MU: It was in use, but later it was gradually substituted by corresponding Indian laws.
ON: Which are those laws?
MU: For example, the Transfer of Property Act, Contract Act which formed an integral part of the Civil Code stood pro tanto altered.
ON: So, today, the Code is in use mainly regarding family laws…
MU: Yes, the law of marriage and divorce is unaltered. Fortunately, what existed here was repealed neither by the Union of India nor by the State government, except that every time an Indian law was introduced, the respective provision of the Civil Code was repealed. For example, the law of pre-emption… when an individual sells his right without giving preference to the co-owner. This is not provided for in the same way under the Indian law. The problem which arose was to see whether this provision of Portuguese law prevails or not. The courts said that it does prevail since a similar provision does not exist in the Indian Civil Code.
ON: In Portugal, is the same Civil Code still in use?
MU: No, it was changed entirely, in 1966, influenced by the Germanic theory… When Napoleon Bonaparte prepared a Code and appointed persons, he said that the Code had to use simple language, such that the public could easily read it. In contrast, the Germanic jurists said that eventually only the jurists should read the Code and not the public.
GOAN CONTRIBUTION
ON: This Code is a Portuguese legacy, but Goa is also connected to the Code, through a Goan – Luiz da Cunha Gonçalves – who has contributed a lot, thanks to his Treatise on Civil Law... Would you like to throw some light on this jurist?
MU: Of course! He writes in the Preface to the first volume: “More than sixty years have elapsed since the publication of our Civil Code, but whereas in the interim period many treatises and commentaries have been published in the main countries of Europe, especially in France and Italy, here in Portugal the scientific work in this branch of legal science has been scarce, fragmented, superficial, nothing to compare even with the treatises of French classics, nothing on a par with the modern treatises. It was therefore imperative that alongside our Civil Code, one of the best in the civilized world, an intensive and extensive work should emerge, of the kind that I have referred to. Nobody will fail to acknowledge it, and convinced that I will be rendering good service to the Portuguese legal science and the country, I will not hesitate to try and execute the work, presuming that I will be helped by ingenuity and art.”
ON: It is evident from the host of names featuring in your book, right from the Chief Justice of the Bombay High Court to the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of India, that your book and your translation of the Portuguese Civil Code did evoke a lot of interest…
MU: Yes, Justice Sabyasachi Mukherjee, Justice Couto and others have appreciated the translation. I can say that one who was really in favour of the Civil Code for Goa, Daman and Diu was Justice Chandrachud. He appreciated the law which existed, especially those three volumes, Marriage, divorce and Law for children, and he said thus: “The Uniform Civil Code remains today a distant world. In my view it would be a retrograde step if Goa, too, were to give up uniformity in its personal laws which it now possesses. Fortunately, as it appears now, the Portuguese followed a different policy in the matter of personal laws than the British. The Civil Code enacted by them covering inter alia family laws applied to all the communities living in this Union Territory except that the customs and usages of non-Christians were saved to a very limited extent. I am quite aware that the Uniform Civil Code of Goa, though it provides an ideal for the rest of the country, creates problems for the Union Territory of Goa itself. The special family laws operating in Goa which are different from those which operate in the rest of the country give rise to the peculiar inter-state conflicts of law. But this did not despair us because inter-state conflict of laws is one of the most perplexing aspects of American Federalism. The conflicts could be minimized by bringing the Portuguese Civil Code in line with some of the central statutes on the subject, at least in basic matters.”
ON: The Constitution of India states that the Civil Code ought to be introduced in India… You have been the Additional Solicitor-General of India. Do you think that the present social climate is favourable, and there have been efforts in that direction, or does the directive remain merely in the pages of the Constitution?
MU: Frankly speaking, till today no steps have been taken. It is an embarrassment to note that even after sixty years nothing has been done. However, the outcome of the Portuguese law was considered when there was a conference between Portugal and Goa, and judges and professors from different universities came here, and everybody spoke and appreciated the existence of the Civil Code. The conference took place when I was the Additional Solicitor-General of India.
ON: Oh! So, it was a very special event and an important step!
MU: After Independence or Liberation, as they call it, Parliament enacted a law, and it was mentioned that all the laws which are maintained are Indian laws. That was thus the first step for the maintenance of those laws – they could be repealed later, but fortunately till today the laws on marriage, divorce and [laws for] children have not been altered by the state. I have to say that there were efforts to discard it but what mattered was what the then Chief Justice of India Justice Chandrachud said: “It is heartening to find out that the dream of the Uniform Civil Code in the country finds its realization in the Union Territory of Goa, Daman and Diu. How many outside are aware of this I cannot guess.”
DREAM
ON: Senhor Doutor, one last question: we have seen that the Civil Code is a legacy of the Portuguese. For your part, the translation of the Code is your legacy to the Indian Union.
MU: Yes, exactly. For as long as I live, it is my obligation to work to ensure that it shall continue.
ON: You were speaking of your dream: when would your dream be fulfilled?!
MU: My dream has three facets: first, the marriage must be compulsorily registered before the Civil Registrar, and this gives protection to the family. In the rest of India, this is done before the Hindu priest (Bhat), but it does not serve any purpose. Second, the regime of communion of properties, too, does not exist in the rest of India, and the third: reservation of the disposable share of legitimes is a system which maintains the balance, because half-share is reserved for the family and other half can be disposed of by the testator to whosoever he or she wants.
By introducing the legislation which is in force in Goa, Daman and Diu, justice can be done to all, and the interests of the children and wife can be protected. The concept of moiety which exists as per Portuguese law is recognized under section 5A of the Income Tax Act. This law is maintained by the Indian Union, and the payment of Income Tax by Goans is made, with due regard to the regime of communion of assets, as contemplated by the Portuguese Civil Code.
ON: But it seems that during the last two or three years there have been some problems in this respect.
MU: What problems?
ON: The Income Tax officers do not accept this concept of division of assets.
MU: It is not permissible to ignore the legislation; in fact, it is a violation of the law.
ON: They say that one cannot make a special provision only for Goa...
MU: They cannot be fail to comply with section 5A of the Income Tax Act. In fact, one of the Income Tax officers appreciated it and his subordinates did not want to accept it. He said thus: “If you do not accept, I will insist on making it applicable for the whole of India.”
ON: This brings us to our last question: the beautiful dream you have for India, when do you think it will come true?
MU: I do not know, but, frankly, I am trying to see that my dream is fulfilled. I will continue working till the end.
ON: Senhor Doutor, let me take leave of you, wishing you good health and many more years of work in this field. Thank you very much.
Acknowledgement:
(1) For original chat in Portuguese, see https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=i62XuPeTQuc (2) Translated by Tolentino António Colaço (3) Chat show photographs by Emmanuel de Noronha (4) First published in Revista da Casa de Goa, Series II, No. 13, Nov-Dec 2021, https://casadegoaorg.files.wordpress.com/2022/01/revista-da-casa-de-goa-ii-serie-n13-novembro-dezembro-de-2021.pdf
Último olhar às preciosas mãos
“Errar é humano, perdoar é canino”, dizia o Mário numa pequena publicação comemorativa dum Canil, algures na Índia, por ele ilustrada.
O amor e afeição que o Mário tinha para com os animais só se podia igualar com os sentimentos da Mãe dele. Lembro-me que em Borim depois de se atravessar a ponte metálica sobre o Zuari, a carreira, rumo a Pangim, parava por algum tempo para receber mais passageiros numa viatura já superlotada. Nessa paragem, além de vendedores de fruta, lanhas, bebidas gasosas e fios de zaiôs (uma variedade de jasmim) que vinham junto à viatura, também apareciam periquitos engaiolados. A minha Mãe comprava esses pássaros, soltava-os e devolvia as gaiolas ao radiante vendedor que podia apanhá-los e vendê-los novamente! Outrossim, no enclave de Cabinda, os nossos gatos siameses eram mimosiados com atum fresco do oceano Atlântico, que se arranjava raramente e com bastante dificuldade, enquanto o genro tinha que se contentar com nosso limitado estoque de sardinha enlatada! Isso porque em Angola faltava toda espécie de géneros alimentícios e de combustíveis, após a Revolução de 1974 em Portugal.
Em Loutulim, tínhamos um mini aviário, mormente para ovos. A maioria das galinhas eram batizadas pelo Mário. Uma delas, que aparecia sempre ao pequeno almoço, era a Madame Frufru. Quando uma dessas aves, ou um galo a mais, era transformado em caril de Goa ou dampaca de Damão, o Mário não tocava no prato. A desolação era também intensa quando algum dos nossos muitos caninos rendiam a alma ao Criador. Lembro-me vivamente quando o nosso altivo Rapaz Rodrigues Raposo e o ilustre Farrusco Santana Dentuça nos deixaram após bastantes anos de fiel e alegre companhia, incluindo nos passeios do Mário na aldeia. Recordo-me que naqueles dias tristes o Mário não fez nenhuma refeição, fechando-se no quarto, que mais tarde viria a ser o seu estúdio de trabalho.
Esse mesmo amor o Mário dedicou à sua arte nata, que se desabrochou graças a embirração da nossa Avó paterna com os rabiscos dele nas paredes da casa. A Mãe, para acalmar os ânimos da sogra, deu um diário ao Mário, sugerindo que ele desenhasse todos os dias algum acontecimento interessante. Essa simples ideia materna foi o início, aos 7 anos, da carreira artística deste jovem envergonhado, de poucas palavras mas com piada, e com um dom de observação quase sobrenatural. Um dia o Mário disse-me: “O meu trabalho é uma constante oração”. 
Os diários que a Mãe passou a oferecer-lhe no Natal de cada ano, mais tarde em papel de desenho, especialmente encadernado em Pangim, levando o ano e o nome na lomba, passavam de mão em mão dos primos, dos amigos e mesmo do Governador e Patriarca. Lembro-me do Patriarca D. José da Costa Nunes, que, segundo consta, deleitava-se com as caricaturas dos clérigos.
Quando jovem, o Mário tinha uma cabeleira bem espessa e um dos meus passatempos era fazer pequenas tranças do seu cabelo, enquanto ele registava acontecimentos no seu Diário. Nunca se aborreceu nem parou de desenhar. Nota-se que eu tinha apenas 5 ou 6 anos e ele estava já nos estudos universitários. Possuía o dom de trabalhar e conversar simultaneamente. Um dos outros passatempos, mas esse proporcionado por ele, era o piano, que aprendeu com a Mãe, e que eu ouvia com grande admiração. Imaginava-se pianista concertista fazendo vénias aos calorosos aplausos dos espectadores! Nunca pensou que iria fazer uma carreira como caricaturista, graças aos Diários que lhe abriram as portas.
O Mário não foi apenas caricaturista. Tem uma imensidão de obras sem caricaturas. Quase no fim da vida produtiva, concordou que os pequenos traços com os quais criava imagens monumentais teriam sido uma autoterapia inconsciente. Nunca posso cessar de admirar o volume do seu trabalho. Se pensarmos nas 365 entradas no diário, ao longo de pelo menos 18 anos, temos 6,570 desenhos compostos de caricaturas, retratos, pinturas de paisagens e figuras a cores. Ele também redigia com bastante humor. Pena que o tempo não lhe permitiu desfrutar mais desse seu outro dom.
Desabafou um dia que queria ter tempo para fazer o que mais gostava: experimentar cores pintando a natureza em aguarela. Constantes prazos a serem cumpridos para o ganha-pão não o tinham ainda permitido esse luxo. A rigidez nas mãos impediram mais obras. Contudo, fez várias tentativas a lápis e aguarela, sendo cinzento claro a cor dominante, assemelhando nuvens, com pequenas manchas em rosa leve. Observação minuciosa desses borrões cinzentos, junto das manchas rosas, via-se o que parecia mini escaleres. Talvez recordação de Damão, sua terra natal. Não sei qual foi a sorte desses últimos trabalhos desse génio. Quiçá a mesma que dezenas deles tiveram quando o Tommy, o grande amigo canino, resolvia censurar aqueles que ele encontrava no chão do estúdio no apartamento em Bombaim, levantando a perna!
O último companheiro canino em Loutulim foi o Happy, nome dado pelo seu neto. Este, aliás alegre canino, traumatisado com a imobilidade do Mário, tentava saltar para junto do seu corpo, gemendo. Olhando pela última vez aquelas bonitas e preciosas mãos, ora atadas como que em prece, fiz com que o fiel amigo dele me acompanhasse para um passeio junto à Natureza, tanto apreciada pelo Mário, cogitando que afinal tudo o que é bom dura tão pouco.
Baizu, Biggle, irmã do Mário Miranda*
(Imagens: www.mariodemiranda.com)
* Maria de Fatima do R B M Figueiredo (1942-), natural de Bangalore. Meio século de trabalho: Portugal, Angola, Reino Unido, em diversas empresas particulares, consulado, embaixada e escritório de advogados. Actualmente em Goa com marido, no novo avatar como agricultores.
The Splendour of our Vocation
Today we have a feast of scriptural texts about our prophetic vocation: Jer. I, 4-5, 17-19; I Cor. 12, 31-13 13; Lk 4, 21-30.
Years ago, I froze in my tracks when I heard God’s words to Jeremiah: ‘Even before I formed you in the womb, I have known you; even before you were born, I had set you apart, and appointed you a prophet to the nations.’ There is, undeniably, a rare touch of intimacy here that makes us feel special; but do those words also place a heavy responsibility on our shoulders, holding us accountable for our role as prophets?
On the other hand, without that bolt from the blue, wouldn’t we end up becoming complacent, lukewarm, mediocre? When God’s voice resounds in our minds and hearts, we are in awe of His majesty and mystery. His declarations also provide the shot in the arm that we so badly need, timid and weak as we are, and at risk, too, like Jeremiah was. God’s promise, then, to make of us ‘a fortified city, a pillar of iron with walls of bronze…’ feels so good and changes everything.
There is no denying that without aid from above, we are nothing. Notice the distressing experiences Jesus underwent in his hometown Nazareth. At first, ‘all agreed with Him and were lost in wonder, while He kept on speaking of the grace of God.’ They just stopped short of recognising His divine origin. And no sooner had they heard hard truths proceeding from the mouth of the Son of God, they became indignant and were even ready to throw Him down the cliff.
That’s a huge eyeopener; the nature of the public ministry and the ways of the world can indeed be baffling. Yet, we have to keep going; we have nothing better to do than what God has whispered in our ears. He expects no superhuman effort, nor should we expect to achieve success as the world looks at it; it just suffices to exercise our apostolate where we are planted. The only ammunition we need to carry is Love. No language, no prophecy, no knowledge, nothing can get round the devious ways of the world as love can.
St Paul’s ode to love is one of the most sublime of Christian texts and Jeremiah’s testimony one of the most impressive as regards the Christian vocation. Interestingly, they are both quoted at nuptial masses – for, after all, marriage is a very special vocation! It is no doubt fraught with risk and challenges, but then, very few are known to have given up before the miracle happened. Jesus too didn’t give up on His Bride, the Church. Why should we give up on the Church, our Mother, and all that she teaches us?